{"id":47,"date":"2012-10-05T13:41:30","date_gmt":"2012-10-05T11:41:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/projects.lsv.ens-paris-saclay.fr\/topology\/?page_id=47"},"modified":"2022-11-19T15:35:20","modified_gmt":"2022-11-19T14:35:20","slug":"quasi-polish-spaces","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/projects.lsv.ens-paris-saclay.fr\/topology\/?page_id=47","title":{"rendered":"Quasi-polish spaces"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Polish spaces are an important class of spaces. \u00a0I am dealing with them in Section 7.7.<\/p>\n<p>Most notably, they are the kinds of spaces where topological measure theory works best. \u00a0But they also occur naturally in several other situations. \u00a0For example, among all\u00a0<em>T<\/em><sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0spaces, they are exactly those which have \u03c9-continuous\u00a0<em>models<\/em>. \u00a0This is Martin&#8217;s first theorem (Theorem 7.7.23 in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/gb\/knowledge\/isbn\/item7069109\/Non-Hausdorff%20Topology%20and%20Domain%20Theory\/?site_locale=en_GB\">book<\/a>), and I&#8217;m explaining what this is about in Section 7.7.2.<\/p>\n<p>I had a conundrum with Polish spaces. \u00a0These are Hausdorff spaces, and the title of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/gb\/knowledge\/isbn\/item7069109\/Non-Hausdorff%20Topology%20and%20Domain%20Theory\/?site_locale=en_GB\">book<\/a> says \u201c<em>non<\/em>-Hausdorff topology\u201d, right?<\/p>\n<p>Well, first, what I mean with non-Hausdorff topology is topology that is not restricted to Hausdorff spaces only. \u00a0So I never felt forced to only deal with spaces that are not Hausdorff.<\/p>\n<p>Still, is there a non-Hausdorff generalization of Polish spaces? \u00a0I have tried to think about it for some time, but could not find anything convincing.<\/p>\n<p>The news is that\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iip.ist.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp\/member\/matthew\/\">Matthew de Brecht<\/a>\u00a0managed to find one, which he called\u00a0<em>quasi-Polish<\/em>\u00a0spaces. \u00a0He even went as far as proving the analogs of all the classical theorems on Polish spaces in his new setting. \u00a0(Thanks to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathematik.tu-darmstadt.de\/~keimel\/\">Klaus Keimel<\/a>, who pointed me to this piece of work.)<\/p>\n<p>His paper can be found on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1108.1445\">arXiv<\/a>\u00a0[1]. \u00a0Here are a few highlights:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Recall that a Polish space is the topological space that underlies a complete separable metric space. \u00a0Matthew defines quasi-Polish spaces as those which underly a Smyth-complete separable quasi-metric space. The move to quasi-metric spaces was expected, but there were (at least) two distinct, competing notions of completeness that one may want to use, Smyth-completeness and Yoneda-completeness (see Chapter 7 in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/gb\/knowledge\/isbn\/item7069109\/Non-Hausdorff%20Topology%20and%20Domain%20Theory\/?site_locale=en_GB\">book<\/a>). It seems that\u00a0<em>Smyth-completeness<\/em>\u00a0is the right one in this setting.<\/li>\n<li>A theorem by Alexandroff states that it is equivalent, for a subspace of a Polish space, to be Polish or to be\u00a0<em>G<\/em><sub>\u03b4<\/sub>. \u00a0(A\u00a0<em>G<\/em><sub>\u03b4\u00a0<\/sub>subset is the intersection of countably many open subsets.) \u00a0A variant is that the Polish spaces are exactly the\u00a0<em>G<\/em><sub>\u03b4\u00a0<\/sub>subsets of the so-called Hilbert cube, up to homeomorphism. \u00a0Matthew shows that the same holds for quasi-Polish spaces, provided we replace the\u00a0<em>G<\/em><sub>\u03b4\u00a0<\/sub>subsets by the\u00a0\u03a0<sup>0<\/sup><sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0subsets, and the Hilbert cube by the powerset of the natural numbers, with a suitable quasi-metric. \u00a0These are Corollaries 23 and 24 in Matthew&#8217;s paper. \u00a0(In this non-Hausdorff setting, the correct definition of\u00a0\u03a0<sup>0<\/sup><sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0is slightly more complex than usual. \u00a0As usual, the\u00a0\u03a0<sup>0<\/sup><sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0subsets are the complements of\u00a0\u03a3<sup>0<\/sup><sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0subsets. \u00a0But the\u00a0\u03a3<sup>0<\/sup><sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0subsets must now be defined as the countable unions of\u00a0<em>crescents<\/em>, not opens. \u00a0A crescent is the intersection of an open and a closed subset.)<\/li>\n<li>In the classical case, Choquet&#8217;s Theorem (see Theorem 7.6.15 in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/gb\/knowledge\/isbn\/item7069109\/Non-Hausdorff%20Topology%20and%20Domain%20Theory\/?site_locale=en_GB\">book<\/a>) implies that the Polish subspaces of a Polish space are exactly those that are\u00a0<em>Choquet-complete<\/em>. \u00a0The latter is a game-theoretic notion of completeness, where two players \u03b1 and \u03b2 take turns and pick smaller and smaller open subsets, and points inside them. \u00a0\u03b1 wins if the intersection of all these opens is non-empty, and a space is Choquet-complete if \u03b1 has a winning strategy. \u00a0There are several variants of this notion. \u00a0One is\u00a0<em>convergence Choquet-completeness<\/em>, introduced by Dorais and Mummert in 2010, and independently by Matthew (see Exercises 7.6.5, 7.6.6 in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/gb\/knowledge\/isbn\/item7069109\/Non-Hausdorff%20Topology%20and%20Domain%20Theory\/?site_locale=en_GB\">book<\/a>). \u00a0Matthew shows that, for a countably-based\u00a0<em>T<\/em><sub>0<\/sub>\u00a0space, being quasi-Polish is equivalently to being convergence Choquet-complete.<\/li>\n<li>Matthew also proves extensions of many other results: Lavrentiev&#8217;s Theorem (classically: any continuous map from a complete subset of a metric space to a metric space extends to a\u00a0<em>G<\/em><sub>\u03b4<\/sub>\u00a0superset; here again\u00a0<em>G<\/em><sub>\u03b4\u00a0<\/sub>subsets must be replaced by \u03a0<sup>0<\/sup><sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0subsets), Martin&#8217;s Theorem (already mentioned above), and much more.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lsv.ens-paris-saclay.fr\/~goubault\/?l=en\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-993\">Jean Goubault-Larrecq<\/a>\u00a0(October 5th, 2012)<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-993 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/projects.lsv.ens-paris-saclay.fr\/topology\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/jgl-2011.png\" alt=\"jgl-2011\" width=\"32\" height=\"44\" \/><\/p>\n<p>[1] Matthew de Brecht. \u00a0<em>Quasi-Polish Spaces<\/em>. \u00a0arXiv:1108.1445, Aug 6, 2011.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Polish spaces are an important class of spaces. \u00a0I am dealing with them in Section 7.7. Most notably, they are the kinds of spaces where topological measure theory works best. \u00a0But they also occur naturally in several other situations. \u00a0For &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/projects.lsv.ens-paris-saclay.fr\/topology\/?page_id=47\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-47","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/projects.lsv.ens-paris-saclay.fr\/topology\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/projects.lsv.ens-paris-saclay.fr\/topology\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/projects.lsv.ens-paris-saclay.fr\/topology\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/projects.lsv.ens-paris-saclay.fr\/topology\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/projects.lsv.ens-paris-saclay.fr\/topology\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=47"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/projects.lsv.ens-paris-saclay.fr\/topology\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5976,"href":"https:\/\/projects.lsv.ens-paris-saclay.fr\/topology\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47\/revisions\/5976"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/projects.lsv.ens-paris-saclay.fr\/topology\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=47"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}